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THE SKATER'S MANUAL. 



/(A 



THE 



SKATER'S MANUAL; 



A COMPLETE 



GUIDE TO THE ART OF SKATING. 



REVISED EDITION, ILLUSTRATED. 



By EDWARD L. GILL, 



f^ NEW YORK SKATING -'^— '^ 'fc* .^- 



((-^ U.S.A. ]] 



NEW YORK : "^•'' 

ANDREW PECK & CO., PUBLISHERS, 

105 Nassau Street. 
1867. 






Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by 
ANDREW PECK & CO., 

In the Clerk's Office of the Distria Court of the United States for 
the Southern District of New York. 



The New York Printing Company, 
81, 83, and 85 Centre St., 

NEW YORK. 



THE SKATER'S MANUAL. 



THE ART OF SKATING. 

One of the foremost pleasures of the a6live and 
exhilarating kind is skating. Next to riding on 
horseback, there is nothing in the shape of exer- 
cise which gives such a fillip to the spirits and such 
a glow to the blood, as riding on a pair of skates. 
Skating is a positive luxury of diversion — a carni- 
val of fun and frolic — a jubilee of enjoyment ! 
What life, what elasticity, what gliding energy, 
what swift and airy motion, what gay, and free, 
and blithesome activity does it embody! A swift 
skater makes the nearest approach to flying which 
we denizens of this mundane sphere can achieve 
with our own organs of motion. 

Dancing has been called the poetry of motion, but 
the phrase belongs with far greater propriety to 
skating. Is there any waltz, polka, cotilHon, or 
quadrille half so graceful, airy, or picturesque as a 



6 The Skaters Manual. 

company of skaters under full headway? Nay, 
may you not see every figure of the mazy dance 
repeated on the ice with far more beauty and added 
grace ? Fleetty glide the swift-winged Mercuries, 
graceful as swans, as rapid as birds of air cutting 
quick circles, or sweeping in long-drawn, graceful 
curves — now gliding across each other's track — 
now flying, now pursuing — now describing all the 
figures of geometry, save the angles — now darting 
down a long, straight line of skaters, and now 
meandering through a maze of spe6lators, and 
winding home again only to dart away afresh on 
a far-off eccentric orbit, 

"And find no end, in wandering mazes lost." 

What pastime for our heavy, dispirited, jejune 
belles and beaux, devoured with the inexpressible" 
emptiness and ennui of parlor life ? What a 
jocund, hilarious, blithsome sport, and what a 
sovereign cure for the blues, if you can only take 
it ! How the nimble exercise causes the cheek to 
glow and the blood to thrill, and every separate 
nerve in the frame to tingle ! How the eye bright- 
ens and dances, and the face of the gentle sex 
blooms with roses fresh and genuine out of Na- 
ture's own flower garden ! 

And then besides the exhilarating quality of the 
sport, what boundless fun to be derived from all 
the incidents, accidents, and contretemps which it 



The Skaters Manual. 7 

draws in its train ! Watch the tender, half-timid, 
half-laughing experiments of the novices, those 
callow devotees of skating art. See them binding 
on their skates with the most cautious care, tight- 
ening their straps and trying the irons, and then 
essaying the oft-baffled attempt to rise and stand 
on the thin edge. Behold them at last fairly 
launched on their feet, uncertain what to do next, 
gingerly sliding one foot forward on the ice, as if 
fearful it would break under them ; watching with 
envious interest the daring, dashing, exultant throng 
of pra6lised skaters, and debating the propriety of 
venturing in- — 

" Letting I dare not, wait upon I would ; " 

until some good angel of courage comes to their re- 
lief, and they let go and plunge into the midst of 
things with a sublime recklessness and audacity 
which quite terrifies them to think of. And then, 
perhaps, some luckless beginner, not quite sure of 
his centre of gravity, and profoundly unskilled in 
the mysteries of balancing on curved irons, finds 
his heels mysteriously going up where his head 
should be ; or his skates become possessed of an 
unaccountable momentum, and fairly run away with 
him, while he, having lost all control of the " wild 
things," is dragged helplessly along in crouching 
dismay — a half-ludicrous, half-pitiable obje6l to 
behold. 



8 The Skaters Manual, 

What with the tumbles of the awkward, the little 
frights of the timid, the shouts of merriment of the 
onlookers, and the frequent collisions of the care- 
less or the bungling, there is generally a pretty full 
chapter 

" Of moving accidents, by flood and field,'* 

especially if a tender spot in the ice rewards the 
daring of some too adventurous cutter of " pigeon 
wings " with a sudden and unexpe6led cold bath. 

And then the rough scenery of the ice-pond, 
with its frowning contrast to the bright and joyous 
hilarity of the amusement, and the pi6luresque cos- 
tumes of the skaters, affords another source of 
pleasure to the observant. How charmingly the 
brilliant, dashing foray of a piebald company of 
skaters, all in plaids and furs, and crimson or scar- 
let "balmorals," and "tucks," and flowing scarfs, 
and jaunty, bewitching little hats, and ruddy cheeks, 
contrast with the cold gray sky and white frosty 
aspe6l of the ice and shore ! How splendidly the 
graceful flourishes, and swift, vivacious movements, 
relieve the dead and' solemn stillness of the wintry 
air ! 

But what of the " art of skating " ? we hear the 
reader exclaim. What is it, and how is it acquired ? 
The art of skating gracefully, like a melodious voice 
or a graceful carriage, is incommunicable. If you 
have it in you, it will take but Httle pra6lice to de- 



The Skaters Manual. 9 

velope it to perfe6lion ; but if not, no amount of 
pra6lice will serve to make an expert skater out of 
a stiff, or slow, or awkward person. To make the 
best skaters, they must be caught young and put 
at it early. Your mature and stiff-jointed people, 
unless of a very a6live temperament, can never make 
graceful, or showy, or rapid skaters. 

There are two or three hints, however, which are 
pertinent to the beginner. In the first place, you 
must indispensably get rid of all fear or trepida- 
tion, from the very start. Leave your nerves at 
home when you start for the ice-pond. Perfe6t 
fearlessness and confidence are essential to the 
poise and balance which make the prime requisite 
of success. You must treat the ice as if it was 
your native element, and more as though you were 
treading the adamantine rocks — not creep along 
gingerly as though you were stepping upon eggs. 
And when you are once fairly on your feet, never 
suffer the thought of the possibility of getting off 
them to enter your brain. If you think that you 
are going to fall, there are nine chances to one that 
you will fall. You must determine to succeed. If 
you catch yourself wavering, brace yourself with a 
strong movement and dash on, never dropping your 
head to look at your feet The skater who delib- 
erates is lost. 

The one thing needful for beginners, is confi- 
dence. The timid and the nervous should keep 



10 The Skate fs Manual, 

carefully out of the skater's carnival. If you are 
naturally timorous and weak-kneed, bethink your- 
self of the awful experience of the amiable and 
awkward Mr. Winkle, in the '' Pickwick Papers," 
and keep off the ice. Or, if you should be so ven- 
turesome as to trust your nerves on the slippery ele- 
ment, you may lay your account of being toppled 
speedily over, and brought to a recumbent posture, 
with a stunning sensation more agreeable to the 
spe6tators than to the vi6lim. 

Never think of quitting until you have acquired a 
free, and confident, and fearless movement. You 
will be awkward and scrambling at first, but never 
give up or sit down in despair. In the lexicon of 
the skater, there's no such word as fail. Above 
all, never give a thought to those who are looking 
at you ; concentrate yourself upon your goal, which 
it is your sole business to reach, and never mind 
what anybody else says or does. And whatever 
you dOj don't try to be proper, or proud, or dignified. 
Those who expe6l to learn to skate, and preserve 
their dignity at the same time, had better never tie 
on the "rockers." No parlor etiquette can be 
maintained on the ice-pond. Whoso goes there 
must bid good-by to stateliness and formahty, and 
become one of the democracy of skaters. All are 
equal on the common level of the iron runnerss. 
There is no aristocracy there but the Lord of Mis- 
rule, and whoever can skate the swiftest, and the 



The Skaters Manual. ii 

most skilfully, is the best fellow. Throw dignity 
to the four winds, and go it with a perfe6l abandon^ 
\i you would taste the exhilarating, intoxicating 
draught of the blithe skater's jubilee. If you are 
so constituted that you cannot " let go," be content 
with tamer pleasures, but never attempt to achieve 
the ineffable delights of the daring, jocund, and fas- 
cinating diversion of skating. 



ANTIQUITY OF SKATING. 

Skating is mentioned in the " Edda," a book 
written eight hundred years ago, in which the good 
Uller is represented as distinguished by his beauty, 
arrows, and skates ; but when or where it origin- 
ated is wholly unknown. It is difficult to ascertain 
at what period it made its appearance in this coun- 
try. Id England, some traces are evident in the 
thirteenth century, when it was customary, in the 
winter, for the young citizens of London to fasten 
the leg-bones of animals under the soles of their 
shoes, by binding them round their ankles, and then, 
taking a pole shod with iron in their hands, to push 
themselves along by striking it against the ice, and 
we are told that *^ they moved with celerity equal to 
a bird flying through the air, or to an arrow from a 
cross-bow." The wooden skates, shod with iron 



12 The Skaters Manual. 

or steel, which are bound about the feet and ankles, 
like the talares of the Greeks and Romans, were, 
most probably, introduced in England from the 
Low Countries, where, it is said, they originated. 

Fitzstephen mentions an odd pastime which for- 
merly used to be pra6tised. '^ Some make a seat of 
ice as large as a millstone, and having placed one 
of their companions upon it, they draw him along ; 
when it sometimes happens that, moving upon slip- 
pery places, they all fall down headlong." 

Instead of these seats of ice, sledges have since 
been substituted, which, being extended from a 
centre by means of a strong rope, those who are 
seated in them are moved round with great velocity, 
and form an extensive circle. Sledges of this kind 
were set upon the Thames in the time of a hard 
frost, at the commencement of the last century. 

Lady Montagu tells us that " the favorite diver- 
sion of the Germans, during the first months of 
winter, is sHding about in little machines fixed upon 
a sledge, called traineaux ; they are large enough 
to accommodate a lady and gentleman, are drawn 
with one horse, and move with prodigious swiftness. 
The lady, the horse, and the traineaux are all as 
fine as they can be made, and when there are many 
of them together, it is a very agreeable show." 



The Skater^ s Manual, 13 



WHY YOUNG LADIES SHOULD LEARN TO SKATE. 

Young ladies should learn to skate, as it is just 
the exercise they want. It gives them strength, 
energy, and beauty, developing their forms and 
planting roses and carnations upon their cheeks. 
During the last season or two many ladies in this 
city and vicinity became accomplished skaters, and 
while realizing the poetry of motion, they no doubt 
lengthened their lease of life. 

The pra6lice of skating is peculiarly adapted to 
give our females that out-door recreation they so 
much need. It expands the chest, strengthens the 
hips, and invigorates the entire system. If young 
ladies would become good skaters, they would be 
much better fitted to become mothers of American 
children. Let the ladies betake themselves to skat- 
ing, and we shall doubtless see a more robust gen- 
eration of children growing up betimes. This is 
an important consideration. Weak and sickly 
women are not good mothers. If the children are 
born of puny mothers, the race degenerates, men- 
tally and physically. And as a sound body is needed 
for the performance of manual labor eifedively, so 
it is important to the proper development and exer- 
cise of the mental faculties. We sometimes see a 
powerful mind in a diseased body, but nobody will 



14 ^-^^^ Skater's Manual, 

say that such a mind would not have been better 
off in a healthy and vigorous body. 

Whatever, then, will tend to render the mothers 
of future generations robust and healthy, will con- 
duce immensely to the well being of the human 
race. Let the girls prepare their skates and spread 
themselves, when the skating carnival begins, for 
they will not only do themselves good, but will en- 
hance the glory of the American eagle, the star- 
spangled banner, and all that sort of thing. There 
is not a prettier sight than a graceful young lady 
circling upon the ice, gliding fearless and free over 
the surface of the " glassy pool," growing stronger 
and handsomer every moment ; and what a charm- 
ing thing it is to behold a score or two of cherry- 
cheeked, healthy beauties — goddesses in crinoline, 
and mortals in plumptitudinous loveliness — gliding, 
whipling, and now and then sitting down, without 
exadlly intending it, on the slippery ice. 



SWIFTNESS IN SKATING. 

In some countries, swiftness upon the ice is more 
desired and sought after than elegance. In Fries- 
land, a country noted for its very rigorous winters, 
a regular race-course is formed upon the ice, and 
males and females join in the skating contest. It is 



The Skaters Manual, 15 

a very common thing for the men to be most shame- 
fully beaten by the women in these races. The 
Frieslander, who is generally a skilful skater, often 
goes for a long time at the rate of fifteen miles an 
hour. In 1801, two young wpmen, going thirty 
miles in two hours, won the pftze in a skating race 
at Groningen. In 1821, a Lincolnshire man, for a 
wager of one hundred guineas, skated one mile 
within two seconds of three minutes. In Canada, 
swift skating is thought most of in conne6lion with 
the accomplishment. Blaine records an instance 
of an officer in the army skating from Montreal to 
Quebec, a distance of over one hundred and seventy 
miles, in one day ! When we consider that the ice 
on a river like the St. Lawrence is not quite, so 
smooth as the Central Park pond ice, it must be 
acknowledged that the feat was a difficult one, 
and required a little perseverance. Lincolnshire, 
in England, is noted for its fens, which in severe 
winters freeze over and form a splendid, wide, and 
glassy surface to glide over. Lincolnshire men are 
very often swift skaters, and an instance is recorded 
of one man having skated a mile in two minutes 
and fifty-eight seconds. As "two-forty" is not 
considered a bad pace for a trotting horse, surely 
two fifty-eight is a good gait for a biped, even if he 
be on runners. 



1 6 The Skaters ManuaL 



SOLDIERS ON SKATES. 

At Drontheim, in Norway, they used to have a 
regiment of soldiers called the " Skate Runners." 
They wore long gaiters, for travelling in deep snow, 
and a green uniform. They carried a short sword, 
a rifle fastened by a broad strap passing over the 
shoulder, and a climbing staff seven feet long, with 
an iron pike at the end. They moved so fast in the 
snow that no cavalry or infantry could overtake 
them, and it did little good to fire cannon balls at 
them, as they went two or three hundred paces 
apart. They were very useful soldiers in following 
an enemy on a march. They could go over marshes, 
rivers, and lakes, at a great rate. 

When CharlesXII. was shot at Frederiskshall, a 
" Skate Runner " carried the news four hundred 
miles twelve hours sooner than a mail messenger, 
who went at the same time. There were then seven 
thousand Swedes laying siege to Drontheim. When 
the news came, they broke up their quarters and re- 
treated as fast as possible. They were obliged to go 
over the mountains, and the snow was deep and the 
weather exceedingly cold. Two hundred " Skate 
Runners " followed hard after them, and came up 
with them one very cold morning. But all the troops 
were dead, having been frozen in their tents, among 
the mountain snow drifts. They had burnt every 



The Skaters Manual, ly 



morsel of wood — even the stocks of their muskets- 
to warm themselves. 



EGGS-TRAORDINARY FEAT ON SKATES. 

All sorts of feats are performed on the ice, but 
none, we believe, can equal that executed by a 
skater on the Lake of Geronsart, near Namur, Bel- 
gium, who made a wager that he would skate for an 
hour, carrying a basket of eggs on his head, with- 
out breaking one of them. He accomphshed the 
feat in first-rate style, having, during the hour, 
written his name in elaborate charadlers on the ice, 
besides tracing an immense variety of complicated 
figures, and at last set down the basket and received 
his wager, amid the cheers of all present. It was a 
bet well laid, and ^^i*-traordinarily won. 



A FEW WORDS ABOUT SKATES. 

As it is with everything else, so it is with skates. 
One person no sooner invents something in con- 
ne6lion therewith, before another tries to improve 
upon it, and by these means the public ultimately 
gets a perfe6led article, if such a thing can be. As 
has before been stated, the earliest form of skate 
that is known consisted of bones attached to the 
soles and heels of boots. In Holland, however, a 



i8 



The Skaters Manual, 



flat piece of wood, almost without any particular 
shape, shod with iron, and fastened to the foot care- 
lessly with strings or straps, was the first kind of 
the modern skate used. This was gradually im- 
proved upon until a definite shape was produced, 
somewhat resembling the sole of a boot, thus : 



The iron was gradually reduced in width, until it 
seemed as if the first used had been turned edge- 
ways. Some persons assert this occurred by acci- 
dent, the maker of the skate not understanding the 
way to put it flatly on the wooden sole ; but for the 
certainty of this statement we can find no written 
record. Whatever may have been its origin, the 
edgeway plate continues in use, as being the means 
of swifter motion. The following illustration will 
convey some idea of the old fashioned skate alluded 
to, fastened to the boot : 




The Skaters Manual, 19 



IMPROVEMENTS IN SKATES. 

In the early mode of making skates, and even at 
the present time, a number of straps have been 
used as fastenings, crossing and recrossing the foot 
to such an extent as to cramp it and stop the free 
circulation of the blood. This has been found to 
be a great inconvenience, as the foot becomes 
chilled, and pain ensues. To remedy this, a broad 
flap of leather has been substituted for the forward 
straps, the flap passing across the upper part of 
the toes and the lower part of the instep, and buck- 
ling at the side of the foot. The heel screw of the 
ordinary skate seems to be a source of annoyance 
to many, therefore another invention has been in- 
troduced, fastening the skate to the heel by means 
af two clutches lined with spurs, which are tight- 
ened upon the sides of the heel of the boot, by 
means of a horizontal screw beneath, worked by a 
thumb-key, similar to that belonging to a clock. 
The brass sole is secured forward by means of a 
narrow adjustable brass strap across the toes, reg- 
ulated by a thumb-screw. This does not cramp 
the foot so much, but still it has a little efFe6l 
on the circulation, and tends to keep the foot 
cold. 



20 The Skater^ s Manual, 

Some idea may be formed of the rapid increase 
of popular favor for skating, when we find that 
within a few, years the importation, manufacture, 
and sale of skates has led to the establishment 
of large stores for the sale of all kinds of this 
article, numbering not less than one hundred and 
fifty varieties and styles, in prices ranging from 
seventy-five cents to twenty-five dollars. Although 
there are so many different styles, nearly all are but 
modifications of the principal points we have men- 
tioned. 



HINTS TO BEGINNERS. 

An old old skater writes as follows : '* Will you 
allow me a ' brief space to say a few wo/ds as to 
the best mode of acquiring the art of skating ? 
They are the result of thirty years' experience, and 
may save much time to the many boys and girls 
who will, perhaps, make their first essays at this 
healthy pastime this winter. The whole story is 
comprised in a single canon, and I can speak with 
confidence that any one who will adhere to it stead- 
ily will be able to skate on the outside edge, for- 
wards and backwards, in a fortnight. It is simply 
to begin by walking on the ice, crossing the feet at 
each step, and they should pradlise it also who can 
only run forwards on the inside edge, if they wish 



The Skaters Manual, 21 

to become proficient. Walk any ten paces forward, 
crossing one foot over the other at every step, and 
then walk the same line backwards, crossing the 
one foot behind the other at every pace. You will 
get a fall or two at first, but in a few lessons you 
will find you can do it without them. 

" As soon as this is accomphshed with moderate 
facility — still adhering to crossing the feet, which is 
the whole secret — let the foot follow the skate, and 
you will find that you are, insensibly as it were, 
rolling both backwards and forwards on the outside 
edge. It is a simple truth and a mechanical cer- 
tainty, as the leg once crossed, the skate on each 
foot can only rest on the outside edge, and the 
balance of the body in that position has been 
learned. 

" As a proof of the soundness of the theory, I 
may mention that I placed four sons, between the 
ages of nine and fifteen, on a pond about twenty 
feet square, one day last winter, giving them the 
above dire6lions, which they stri6lly followed. 
They soon got over the falhng period, and the 
three eldest are now strong skaters on the outside 
^^g'^^ both forwards and backwards, and the young- 
est is not far behind them." 



22 The Skaters Manual, 



GENERAL DIRECTIONS TO PERSONS LEARNING TO 
SKATE. 

Let your dress fit closely; but at the same time be 
of sufficient ease to insure freedom of motion. 
Neither skirts to coats nor full trousers should be 
worn. 

Let flannel be worn next the skin by the delicate, 
and an extra undergarment by the robust. Let the 
chest be well defended against the cold. A piece ^ 
of brown paper laid between the waistcoat and shirt 
is a cheap chest prote6lor, or use one of Andrew 
Peck & Co.'s improved chest prote6lors, which is 
worn next the skin. 

Be careful in venturing upon the ice, unless it be 
sufficiently strong to bear the weight of the number 
that flock to it ; and watch for the increase of num- 
bers, that you may retire before danger ensues. 

Avoid rough and very smooth ice, and look care- 
fully out for obstru6lions thereon, such as small 
twigs of trees, stones, or ^^ hobbles, " as well as for 
rotten ice, cracks where the ice has risen higher on 
one side than the other, or holes. Should you sud- 
denly come upon rotten ice, do not stop, but pass 
over it as rapidly as possible. Should you fall 



The Skater's Manual. 23 

down upon it, roll lengthwise toward the firmer 
part, without attempting to stand or walk upon it. 
Should the skater fall into a hole, he should ex- 
tend his pole or stick across it, and hold on to it till 
assistance arrives ; should he have no stick, he may 
extend his arms horizontally across the edges of the 
ice, till a rope can be thrown to him. 

After an unlucky immersion in the water, the un- 
fortunate skater should immediately take off his 
skates, and, if able, run home as quickly as he can. 
He should then pull off all his wet clothes, take 
a tablespoonful of brandy in a glass of hot water, 
rub himself thoroughly with dry towels, and go to 
bed. 



ADVICE TO LEARNERS 

One of the most finished skaters in this country 
writes as follows to those about learning to skate : 
" Good skating consists in graceful movements, not 
in swiftness. Do not get into the habit of making 
violent exertions. When your skates are screwed 
in at the heel, and rightly fastened, your first lesson 
is simply to stand alone, without an effort to move, 
keeping the ankle stiff, and not allowing the foot to 
bend so that the boot shall touch the ice. Con- 
sider and study the position until you become ac- 
quainted with the new exertion that it calls forth in 



24 The Skater's Ma7zual, 

the muscles of the leg and foot. Then begin to 
move one foot at a time, one inch at a time ; do not 
try two inches until you gain the power of one. By 
careful and gentle exertion, you will in a short 
time be able to move forward at a slow pace, pre- 
cisely in the manner of walking on the ground. 
There is really no necessity of falling, though one 
can rarely escape it altogether. The rule is to do 
up to what can be done without falling. These first 
movements must not be made thoughtlessly, but 
with dire6l attention to the progress. The learner 
who closely follows these dire6lions, will scarcely 
need any help from the time of being able to stand 
alone, and will improve much faster without it. 
We have seen a young lady make the distance of 
several hundred feet in the second half hour of her 
first lesson, without any help, and without falling. 
A cane held in both hands, as a rope-dancer hokls 
his balance-pole, seems to give learners a better 
power of control, probably because it prevents the 
hands being thrown out in unconscious jerks. 
From moving the feet diredlly forward, the next 
effort is to turn the toes of one foot a little outward, 
and to press the edge of the skate, so turned, later- 
ally against the ice. This will give a forward im- 
petus to the body. Then bring the feet near to- 
gether and pointing straight forward, and allow the 
impetus to slide you as far as it will. Then turn 
out the toe of the other foot in like manner, and 



The Skaters ManuaL 25 

with another push, take another sHde. By looking 
at any particular skater on the ice, the manner of 
doing this will be perfe6lly plain to you." 



LEARN TO SKATE EARLY. 

The acquirement of most exercises may be ob- 
tained at an advanced period of life, but to become 
an expert skater, it is necessary to begin the prac- 
tice of the art at a very early age. Therefore, timid 
mothers, you should not obje6l to your children 
learning to skate, for fear they should break their 
*' precious heads and Hmbs." A few tumbles will 
help to make them keep their feet the better. Be- 
sides, a child has not so far to fall as a grown per- 
son ; therefore, if they should strike the head — 
which, by the way, is of rare occurrence — the force 
of the fall is not nearly so great as if it were that of 
a man six feet and over in height. In Holland, 
children not over five or six years of age are com- 
monly to be seen proficient in this art. 



GRACEFUL SKATERS. 

*^ Edinburgh," says a Scottish writer, '^ has pro- 
duced more instances of elegant skaters, than per- 



26 The Skaters Manual. 

haps any other city or country." So much did the 
desire of becoming graceful skaters exist among the 
residents of Edinburgh, that as early, if not earlier, 
than the year 1780, a skating club was estabhshed 
in that city, which contributed much toward the 
improvement of those engaged in the study of this 
accomphshment 



RACING WITH THE LOCOMOTIVE. 

That our juveniles are anxious to shine in the 
celerity of their motions on the ice, may be gathered 
from the fa6l that every winter, when the skating on 
the ponds on either side of the Fourth avenue is 
in full blast, a large crowd will be gathered at one 
end of the pond, as soon as the whistle of the loco- 
motive is heard, to await the arrival of the "bull- 
gine," and when it gets side by side with the 
skaters, off they start to beat the cars before they 
can reach the other end of the pond. Of course 
the boys do not " beat the express," but there is no 
knowing what the perseverance of a New Yorker 
cannot accomplish ; therefore, swift as well as ele- 
gant skating may soon be the features of the Cen- 
tral Park Skatino; Pond. 



The Skaters MamiaL 2^ 



RULES FOR PLAIN AND FANCY 
SKATING. 

THE ORDINARY RUN, OR INSIDE EDGE FORWARD. 

The first attempt of the beginner is to walk, and 
this walk shortly becomes a sliding gait, done en- 
tirely on the inside edge of the skate. 

The first impulse is to be gained by pressing the 
inside edge of one skate against the ice, and ad- 
vancing with the opposite foot. To efFe6l this, the 
beginner must bring the feet nearly together, turn 
the left somewhat out, place the right a little in ad- 
vance and at right angles with it, lean forward with 
the right shoulder, and at the same time move the 
right foot outward, and press sharply, or strike the 
ice with the inside edge of the left skate, care be- 
ing taken instantly to throw the weight on the right 
foot. (Fig. I.) While thus in motion, the skater 
must bring up the left foot nearly to a level with 
the other, and may for the present proceed a short 
way on both feet. 

He must next place the left foot in advance in its 
turn, bring the left shoulder forward, inclining to 



28 



The Skaters Manual, 



that side, strike from the inside edge of the right 
skate, and proceed as before. 




Fig. I. 

Finally, this motion has only to be repeated on 
each foot alternately, gradually keeping the foot 
from which he struck longer oiF the ice, till he has 
gained sufficient command of himself to keep it off 
altogether, and is able to strike dire6lly from one to 
the other without at any time having them both on 
the ice together. Having pra6lised this till he has 



The Skaters Ma7ttiaL 29 

gained some degree of firmness and power, and a 
command of his balance, he may proceed to 



THE FORWARD ROLL OR OUTSIDE EDGE. 

This is commonly reckoned the first step to figure 
skating, as, when it is once efie6led, the rest follows 
with ease. The impulse is gained in the same 
manner as for the ordinary run ; but, to get on the 
outside edge of the right foot, the moment that foot 
is in motion, the skater must advance the left 
shoulder, throw the right arm back, look over the 
right shoulder, and incline the whole person boldly 
and decisively on that side, keeping the left foot 
suspended behind. (Fig. 2.) 

As he proceeds he must bring the left foot past 
the inside of the right, with a slight jerk, which 
produces an opposing balance of the body ; the 
right foot must quickly press, first on the outside 
of the heel, then on the inside, or its toe ; the left 
foot must be placed down in front, before it is re- 
moved more than about eight or ten inches from 
the other foot ; and, by striking outside to the left, 
giving at the same moment a strong push with the 
inside of the right toe, the skater passes from right 
to left, inclining to the left side, in the same manner 
as he did to the n'o^ht. He then continues to change 



30 



The Skaters Manual. 



from left to right, and from right to left, in the 
same manner. At first he should not remain long 
upon one leg, nor scruple occasionally to put the 
other down to assist ; and throughout he must 
keep himself ere6l, leaning most on the heel. 




Fig. 2. 



DUTCH TRAVELLING ROLL. 



The Dutch travelling roil is the plan by which 
the Hollanders travel on the ice. Starting from 



The Skaters Manual. 31 

the right foot, leaning to the outside, keep the knee 
straight, and, with the left foot behind the right, 
describe a half circle, or rather a part of one. When 
this is completed, bring the right into a similar po- 
sition, and, with the toe close to the ice, commence 
a similar stroke ; and then these successive strokes 
will describe a small segment of a very large circle, 
thus : 



Fig. 3. 

diverging from the straight line no more than is re- 
quisite to keep the skate on its edge. 



CROSS ROLL, OR FIGURE OF EIGHT. 

The cross roll, or figure 8, is also done on the 
outside edge forward. This is only the completion 
of the circle on the outside edge, and it is per- 
formed by crossing the legs, and striking from the 
outside instead of the inside edge. In order to do 
this, as the skater draws to the close of the stroke 
on his right leg, he must draw the left quite across 
it, which will cause him to press hard on the out- 
side of the right skate, from which he must imme- 



32 The Skaters Manual. 

diately strike, at the same time throwing back the 
left arm, and looking over the left shoulder, to bring 
him well upon the outside of that skate. By com- 
pleting the circle in this manner on each leg, the 
eight is formed, 




each circle being small, complete, and well formed 
before the foot is changed. 



MERCURY FIGURE. 



The Mercury figure is merely the outside and in- 
side forward succeeding each other on the same leg 
alternately, by which a serpentine line is described. 
(Fig. 5.) 



The Skater's Manual. 33 

This is skated with the force and rapidity gained 
by a run. When the run is complete,, and the 
skater on the outside edge, his person becomes 

Outside. Inside. Outside. 



Fig. 5. 

quiescent, in the attitude of Mercury, having the 
right arm advanced and much raised, the face turn- 
ed over the right shoulder, and the left foot off the 
ice, a short distance behind the other, turned out 
and pointed. 



FIGURE OF THREE, OR INSIDE EDGE BACKWARDS. 

This figure is formed by turning from the outside 
edge forward to the inside edge backward on the 
same foot. The head of the three is formed like 
the half circle, on the heel of the outside edge ; but 
when the half circle is complete, the skater leans 
suddenly forward, and rests on the same toe inside, 
and a backward motion, making the tail of the 3, 
is the consequence. The figure described by the 
right leg should be nearly in form of No. i, and on 
the left leg should be reversed, and resemble No. 2. 



34 Tlu Skatef^s MamiaL 

You will now be able to try the double three. 




Figs. 6 and 7. 

The position is as in the engraving, which shows 
the right way of holding the body for fancy skating. 




Fig. 8. 



The Skaters Manual. 35 



DOUBLE THREE, 

When you can accomplish the eight and the 
three, you may combine the two, and produce a 
variety of figures, taking care always to keep your 
balance. 

Begin with the left hand three by starting with 
the left foot on the outer edge, and when you get 
to the twist of the three, spin round and finish the 
figure, still with the left foot, with the inside edge 
backward. The right foot now passes to the top 
of the right-hand three, and you reverse the motion 
again and again ; keep the body upright, and let the 
steel of the skate bite well into the ice. Numerous 
combinations of these figures are produced by good 
skaters, but enough has been said to show the 
" how " and the " why " of the principal figures, 
after which the learner must be left to his own prac- 
tice and skill. 

At first the skater should not throw himself quite 
so hard as hitherto on the outside forward, in order 
that he may be able the more easily to change to 
the inside back. He may also be for some time 
contented with much less than a semi-circle before 
he turns. Having done this, and brought the left 
leg nearly up to the other, he must not pass it on 
in advance, as he would to complete a circle, but 



36 The Skater s Mamtal. 

throw it off gently sidewise, at the same moment 
turning the face from the left to the right shoulder, 
and giving the whole person a slight inclination to 
the left side. These motions throw the skater upon 
the inside of his skate ; but as the first impulse 
should still retain most of its force, he continues to 
move on the inside back, in a dire6lion so little dif- 
ferent that his first impulse loses little by the 
change. (Fig. 8.) 

If unable to change the edge by this method, the 
skater may assist himself by slightly and gently 
swinging the arm and leg outward, so as to incline 
the person to a rotary motion. This swing, how- 
ever, must be corre6led as soon as the objedl is at- 
tained ; and it must generally be observed that the 
change from edge to edge is to be effe6led merely 
by the inclination of the body, not by swinging. 

When the skater is able to join the ends of the 3, 
so as to form one side of a circle, then, by striking 
off in the same manner, and completing another 3, 
with the left leg, the combination of the two 3's will 
form an 8, In the first attempts, the 3 should not 
be made above two feet long, which he will acquire 
the power of doing almost imperceptibly. He may 
th^n gradually extend the size as he advances in the 
art. 

Though, in this se6lion, backward skating is 
spoken of, the term refers to the skate only^ which 
in such case moves heel foremost ; but the person 



The Skaters Manual. 



37 



of the. skater moves sideways, the face being always 
turned to the dire6lion in which he is proceeding. 




Fig. 9. 



OUTSIDE EDGE BACKWARDS. 



Here the skater, having completed the 3, and be- 
ing carried on by the first impulse, still continues 
his progress in the same dire6lion, but on the other 



38 The Skaters Manual. 

foot, putting it down on its outside edge, and con- 
tinuing to go backward slowly. 

To accomplish this, the skater, after making the 
3, and placing the outside edge of the left foot on 
the ice, should at once turn his face over the right 
shoulder, raise his right foot from the ice, and throw 
back his right arm and shoulder. (Fig. 9.) If, for 
a while, he is unable readily to raise that foot which 
has made the 3, and leave himself on the outside of 
the other skate, he may keep both down for some 
distance, putting himself, however, in attitude of 
being on the outside only of one skate, and gradu- 
ally lifting the other off the ice as he acquires 
ability. 

When finishing any figure, this use of both feet 
backward has great convenience and beauty. 

Before venturing on the outside backward, the 
skater ought to take care that the ice is clear of 
stones, reeds, etc., and also be certain of the good 
quality of his irons. When going with great force 
backward, the course may be deflected, so as to stop 
by degrees ; and, when moving slowly, the sus- 
pended foot may be put down in a cross direction 
to the path. 

Such are the four leading movements of which the 
skate is capable : namely, the inside edge forward, 
the outside forward, the inside back, and the out- 
side back, in which has been seen how the impulse 
for the first two is gained, and how the third flows 



The Skater's Manual. 



39 



from the second, and the fourth from the third. By 
the combination of these elements of skating, and 
the variations with which they succeed each other, 
are performed all the evolutions in this art. 




Fig. lo. 



THE BACK ROLL. 



The Back Roll is a means of moving from one 
foot to the other. 



40 The Skaters Manual. 

Suppose the skater to have put himself on the 
outside edge back of the left leg, with considerable 
impulse, by means of the 3 performed on the right, 
not bearing hard on the edge, for the object is to 
change it, and take up the motion on the right foot : 
this is effe6led by throwing the left arm and shoul- 
der back, and turning the face to look over them — 
when, having brought the inside of his left skate to 
bear on the ice, he must immediately strike from it 
to the outside back of the other, by pressing it into 
the ice as forcibly as he can at the toe. Having 
thus been brought to the backward roll on the right 
foot, he repeats the same with it. 



THE BACK CROSS ROLL. 

The Back Cross Roll is done by changing the 
balance of the body, to move from one foot to the 
other, in the same manner as for the back roll. 
The stroke is from the outside instead of the inside 
edge of the skate, the edge on which he is skating 
not being changed, but the right foot, which is off 
the ice, being crossed at the back of the left, and 
put down, and stroke taken at the same moment, 
from the outside edge of the left skate, at the toe. 
As in the back roll of both forms, the strokes are 
but feeble ; the skater may, from time to time, re- 



The Skaters Manual. 41 

new his impulse as he finds occasion, by commenc- 
ing anew with the 3. 



THE OUTSIDE BACKWARD ROLL. 

The large outside backward roll is attained by a 
run, when the skater, having gained all the impulse 
he can, strikes on the outside forward of the right 
leg, turns the 3, and immediately puts down the left 
on the outside back. He then, without further 




Fig. II. 
POSITION FOR SPREAD EAGLE. 

effort, flies rapidly over the ice, the left arm being 



42 The Skater's Manual. - 

raised, the head turned over the right shoulder, and 
the right foot turned out and pointed. 

It must be evident that the figures described may 
be combined and varied infinitely. Hence waltz 
and quadrille skating, etc., which may be described 
as combinations of 3's, outside backwards, etc. 
These are left to the judgment of the skater, and 
his skill in the art. 

The spread eagle is made by skating with either 
foot, and bringing the heels together, as shown in 
in the engraving. Sometimes it is done on the 
outer edge — that is, by a circle made backward in- 
stead of forward — and sometimes on the inner 
edge ; generally the latter. The knees are bent, 
and the position is assumed after a good swinging 
burst forward. 

The waltz, the quadrille, the back cross roll, etc., 
are only to be acquired by pra6lice, and cannot be 
taught in books. Did anybody ever learn the 
figure of a quadrille, or any other dance, on paper 1 



TREATMENT IN CASES OF DROWNING. 

The following directions for treatment in cases of 
suspended animation from drowning, are from the 
pen of an eminent medical writer : 

I. Remove the body carefully, and apply dry heat^ 



The Skaters Manual, 43 

as warm blankets, bottles filled with hot water, hot 
bricks, and such like means. 

2. To induce respiration^ place the patient gently 
on his face, with one wrist under the forehead. 
All fluids, and the tongue itself, then fall forward, 
leaving the entrance into the windpipe free. 

3. Raise and support the chest well^ on a folded 
coat or other article of dress. 

4. Turn the body very gently on the side and a 
little beyond^ and then briskly on the face alternate- 
ly : repeating these measures deliberately, efficiently 
and perse veringly, fifteen times in the minute, 
occasionally varying the side. When the patient 
reposes on the chest, this cavity is compressed by 
the weight of the body, and expiration takes place. 
When he is turned on the side this pressure is re- 
moved, and inspiration occurs. 

5. When the prone position is resumed, make 
equable but efficient pressure^ with brisk move- 
ment along the back of the chest, removing it im- 
mediately before rotation on the side. 

6. Meantime, to induce circulation and warmth, 
rub the limbs upwards, vii\hjirm grasping pressure 
and with energy, using handkerchiefs, etc. By this 
means the blood is propelled along the veins to- 
ward the heart. 

7. Let the limbs be thus warmed and dried, and 
then clothed, the bystanders supplying the requisite 
£:arments. 



44 T^f^^ Skaters Manual, 

8. Avoid the continuous warm batk^ and the 
position on, or inclined to^ the back ; and all rough 
treatment of the body should also be carefully 
avoided. 

9. A blanket or shawl will be found useful to 
place around persons when taken out of the water ; 
and if the weather is very cold, and the person has 
to be removed any distance, it might be the means 
of saving life. 



SKATING CLUBS. 

Skating, while being one of the most delightful 
sports, is at the same time one of the most danger- 
ous. The object of a skating club is instru6tion 
and improvement in the art of skating, the cultiva- 
tion of a friendly feeling in all who participate in 
the amusement, and the efficient use of proper 
apparatus for the rescue of persons breaking 
through the ice. Among the most celebrated clubs 
. in the country is the New York Skating Club, who 
have a regular organization, and whose members 
number some of the most influential citizens of the 
metropolis. The officers consist of a President, 
Vice President, Recording Secretary, Correspond- 
ing Secretary, Treasurer, Meteorologist, and Board 



The Skaters Manual, 45. 

of Directors, all of whom are elected by sepa- 
rate ballots at an annual meeting. The President 
presides. The Secretary records the proceedings ; 
in his absence the Corresponding Secretary fills his 
place. The Treasurer colle(5ls and receives in 
trust all moneys payable or donations made, appro- 
priates the same to the payment of the bills of the 
Club, and keeps regular accounts. The Meteorolo- 
gist keeps a record of the number of skating days, 
and the state of the thermometer ; also a diary of 
all the incidents of the skating season, and all mat- 
ter he may deem suitable for preservation, notice, 
and a6lion, looking to improvement, pleasure, and 
safety. At the end of each season he embodies his 
budget of information in a report, which the club 
publishes, and which furnishes a succin6l and in- 
teresting history of skating, and in years to come 
will be very valuable as a matter of reference. 

The skating house of the Club is a neat but un- 
pretending building, and is so constru6led as to be 
readily removable, for future use, when the skating 
season is over. It is one story in height, and sur- 
mounted by two flag staffs — one for the national 
ensign, and the other for the club or signal flag, the 
latter being 2. facsimile of the badge. 

The Club was organized during the season of 
1863, and has been successful beyond the most san- 
guine expe6lations of its originators. At present it 
numbers about three hundred members. The ini- 



46 The Skater's Mamml. 

tiation fee is ten dollars, and five dollars for dues, 
which includes the badge. Ladies and minors can 
become associate members by paying five dollars 
initiation fee and half the yearly dues. The badge 
is of very handsome design, oval in shape, and is 
made of gold, backed with silver. The border 
represents a skate strap running through a buckle 
at the bottom, and extends below the sweep of the 
OvaJ, on which is engraved the number of the 
badge, in black. The whole incloses a blue enamel 
background, .in the middle of which is a skate of 
an approved* pattern, with the name of the Club 
above and below it. The badge is to be worn on 
the left breast of the coat or outer garment when 
on the ice. 

The idea of a skating club is not merely the con- 
gregating together of a number of skaters for mu- 
tual enjoyment, and the wearing of a badge : the 
New York Skating Club takes a broader and more 
enlightened view of the subje(5l. Their obje6l is 
the advancement of the art of skating, and the en- 
noblement of a pastime which is at the same time 
one of the most healthy and graceful that can be 
indulged in. With ice of their own, new figures 
can be studied and old ones elaborated ; combina- 
tions can be formed in which four or more skaters 
can participate ; quadrilles, waltzes, polkas, and 
other dances can be performed, and brought to 
as much perfe6lion on the ice as in the ballroom. 



The Skaters Manual, 47 

On the ponds in the Central Park these things 
could not be attempted, much less accomplished, 
owing to the crowds that gather round good 
skaters, and interfere with their evolutions ; but as 
the New York Club have a pond of their own, this 
arrangement will afford much larger accommoda- 
tions to the public on the ice of the Park, and en- 
able the Commissioners to avoid the crowds that 
always assemble about and obstruct accomplished 
skaters. 



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